Suchergebnisse

In this dissertation, I contribute to three strands of the environmental economics literature: (1) regulation of air pollution from stationary sources, (2) interaction between behavioral biases and consumer demand for energy, and (3) long-term distributional outcomes of policies that seek to mitigate climate damages from the housing sector. The first paper looks at how environmental regulations work in practice -- assessing ex-post the causal consequences of a specific policy, the Large Combustion Plant Directive. The Large Combustion Plant Directive was a key policy instrument to limit air pollution from power stations in the European Union. The Directive set limits on emissions of harmful sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particle dust from combustion plants with total capacity of at least 50 MWth. A fundamental empirical problem is to create a valid counterfactual, to understand what would have happened in the absence of such a regulation. As is the case with most command and control policies, all plants fell under regulation, but the stringency was vintage-differentiated. More crucially, a group of plants chose to opt-out of emissions performance standards but were instead required to gradually cease operations. I exploit the structure of the directive to construct valid control groups to assess the effectiveness of emission performance standards. Evidence from this empirical study suggests that EU-wide emission performance standards, when sufficiently stringent, are an effective instrument for pollution abatement at the plant stack-level. However, the regulation was not ambitious enough and in fact allowed business-as-usual operations for some of the most carbon-intensive power plants operating in the European Union. In the second paper, I exploit a large-scale natural experiment in utility billing cycles at the building level to identify the salience effect of costs on energy consumption. By exploiting variation in billing cycles, I find new evidence for consumer inattention to energy costs: consumers ...

This paper explores the extent to which emissions limits on stack concentrations under the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive succeeded in mitigating local air pollutants from thermal power stations in the European Union. We take advantage of the discontinuities in regulation status to show that the emission performance standards led to sizeable declines in concentrations of SO2 , NOx, and particulate matter from the oldest fleet of combustion plants. We also find that the average response from the existing old plants was stronger than that from the relatively new existing fleet. Taking into account that new plants were not myopic in complying to the standards, we estimate the treatment effect close to the regulation discontinuity date – showing that more stringent performance standards were effective. Finally, those that opted-out were not more likely to retire than similar combustion plants that chose to comply with standards - some evidence of grandfathering-induced shutdown delays. ; Revised on May 29, 2019

Policy makers have long favored command-and-control (CAC) methods to tackle environmental damage. The number of CAC policies devoted to environmental protection has increased steadily since the 1950s and have been a large part of the overall portfolio of environmental laws and regulation in the industrialized world. Schmitt and Schulze (2011) document that between 1970 and 2011 the two most prevalent EU air-pollution control instruments were CAC in nature. Over 50% of the policy instruments were of the CAC type (regulatory, interventionist, and top-down), with emission limits and technical requirements playing the role of the top two. In China and India, most of the environmental legislation also take the form of explicit directives that levy restrictions on both mobile (vehicular) and stationary sources (factories and combustion plants) of pollution (see Tanaka 2014, Greenstone and Hanna 2014).In the last two decades, there has been a notable increase in research evaluating policy and programs for environmental protection. The design of empirical studies emphasizes causal inference by comparing group of regulated (treated) firms with a comparable control group of firms that were not subject to the treatment. As a result, we now have an improved perspective on the causal effects of environmental policy instruments that address industrial pollution. This review discusses some of the implementation details of prominent CAC type regulations and highlights the lessons learned from the empirical evaluation of these initiatives.

"Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Efforts of Businesses in Rural Areas evaluates growth trajectories and educational opportunities in rural areas. It further explores the inclusion efforts of marginalized groups in rural society. Covering topics such as the construction industry, rural populations, and workplace inclusivity, this premier reference source is a valuable resource for policymakers, investors, professionals, business leaders and managers, economists, sociologists, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians"--

Skill development, skill premium and technological change : a gender based approach / Harshil Sharma -- Gender issues in vocational education and training in India : imperatives and challenges / Disha Singh -- Gender equity and social inclusion : holistic approach to education, training and labour market demand / Suraiya Tabassum -- How Bangladesh is increasing the employability of females with technical training programs / Shahana Begum, Paula Faulkner, Chastity English -- Skill challenge in Bengaluru's garment industry a gender perspective / Karan Peer -- Vocational education and training for women : a gender divide perspective / Shikha Deka -- Skill acquisition among corp members in southwest Nigeria : perceived differences, (de)motivators and challenges / Adedeji Adewusi -- Gender issues and priorities in Republic of Belarus / Albina Sibirskaya -- Gender gap in skill development : an analytical review / Anjui Chandra -- Youth participation in the national development plan through technical and vocational education and training : the case of young Black women in South Africa / Johannes Mampane -- Significant influences of digital literacy to promote gender equity and equality in education : digital Literacy perspective / Chammika Mallawaarachchi -- Gender and skill development in the field of science and technology : cases of Korea and Taiwan / Hae Na Kim, Yun-Hsiang Hsu.

Das Beheizen von Wohnräumen macht fast ein Fünftel des Endenergieverbrauchs in Deutschland aus. Der vorliegende Bericht wertet einen umfangreichen Datenbestand von Heizenergieabrechnungen von Zwei- und Mehrfamilienhäusern in Deutschland aus - diese repräsentieren mehr als zwei Drittel des gesamten Gebäudebestands. Die energetische Sanierungsrate des Gebäudebestands verharrt seit der Jahrtausendwende auf einem niedrigen Stand, während der Heizwärmebedarf von privaten Haushalten je Quadratmeter seit 2015 einen Aufwärtstrend verzeichnet. Mit Blick auf die deutschen Klimaziele für 2050 im Gebäudebereich ist dies eine alarmierende Entwicklung. Es bedarf daher zusätzlicher Politikmaßnahmen, um den Energiebedarf im Gebäudebereich deutlich zu senken. Dazu zählen beispielsweise steuerliche Anreize für tiefgreifende Modernisierungen sowie Maßnahmen, die auf das Verhalten privater Haushalte zielen.

Das Beheizen von Wohnräumen macht fast ein Fünftel des Endenergieverbrauchs in Deutschland aus. Der vorliegende Bericht wertet einen umfangreichen Datenbestand von Heizenergieabrechnungen von Zwei- und Mehrfamilienhäusern in Deutschland aus – diese repräsentieren mehr als zwei Drittel des gesamten Gebäudebestands. Die energetische Sanierungsrate des Gebäudebestands verharrt seit der Jahrtausendwende auf einem niedrigen Stand, während der Heizwärmebedarf von privaten Haushalten je Quadratmeter seit 2015 einen Aufwärtstrend verzeichnet. Mit Blick auf die deutschen Klimaziele für 2050 im Gebäudebereich ist dies eine alarmierende Entwicklung. Es bedarf daher zusätzlicher Politikmaßnahmen, um den Energiebedarf im Gebäudebereich deutlich zu senken. Dazu zählen beispielsweise steuerliche Anreize für tiefgreifende Modernisierungen sowie Maßnahmen, die auf das Verhalten privater Haushalte zielen.

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